In-Text Citations

Author-Date Citation System to identify a resource within the body of a paper and direct the reader to its reference list entry.
- Include the author and date in every in-text citation.
Paraphrases and quotations require in-text citations.
If the author is unknown, include the title and year of publication in the in-text citation.
- Book with no author: (Interpersonal Skills, 2019).
- Magazine article with no author: ("Understanding Sensory Memory," 2018).
- Anonymous author: (Anonymous, 2020).

Parenthetical Citations

Includes both author and date, separated by a comma: (author, date)
Can appear within or at the end of a sentence
If citation is at the end of a sentence, place punctuation after closing parenthesis: (author, date).

Narrative Citations

Author's name is followed by the year in parentheses:
- Walker (2020) completed a study in health informatics.
Author and date can appear within the sentence together without parentheses:
- In 2020, Walker completed a study in health informatics.
For multiple narrative citations within a single paragraph, omit the year but include the date at the end of the paragraph in the parenthetical citation.

Quotes

Short Quotations (less than 40 words)

Use double quotation marks.
Always include a full citation.
Place parenthetical citation at the end of the quotation or the end of the sentence.
For a narrative citation, include the author and the year in the sentence and the page number(s) in parentheses at the end of the quotation. For one page number, use the abbreviation "p." and for a page range, use "pp."
Place punctuation after the closing parenthesis for a citation.
Examples:
- The item read, "What were the best aspects of the program for you?" (Shayden et al., p. 304).
- Biebel et al. (2018) noted that "incorporating the voice of students with psychiatric disabilities into supported education services can increase access, involvement, and retention" (p. 299).

Block Quotation (40 words or more)

Do not use quotation marks.
Start quote on a new line.
Indent whole block 0.5 in. from left margin.
- For additional paragraphs within quote, indent another 0.5 in.
Double-space entire block quotation.
Do not include a period after closing citation parentheses.

Exceptions: